??????? ??????

?? ??????? ??????. ???????, ?????????, ??????????.

�??????? ??????� ?????????? ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?????????, ??? ??????????? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ????. ?? ?????????? ???? ??????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???, ?? ? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ? ?? ????????? ??? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????????????? ????????, ?? ???? ????? ? ????? ? �???????� ???? ????????????? ???????????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ? ??????????? ??????????, ?????????? ? ?????????.

?????????? ??? ???? ???????????? ??????? ??? ???????????? ???? ?????????? ??? ????????? ???? ?????????? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ?????????, ?? ?????????? ???? ??????????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????????, ??????????, ???????????, ?????, ???????????, ????????, ??????? ??? ????????? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ?????????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ????. ?? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????????????? ???????, ??? ??? ???? ??? ??????????? ??? ??? ??????????? ?????? ??? ?????????, ??? ??? ??????? ??? ????????? ????????? ??? ??? ??? ????????????? ??? ????????? ??? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????????? ??? ????????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ????, ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ????, ?????????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??? ?????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ????????????? ??? ?????????????? ??????? ?? ??? ????????? ???????????????? ?????.

??� ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????????? ????????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???????????? ????? ????????? ???????, ??? ??? 18^? ????? ??? ????, ??? ??????????? ???? ????????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????????? ???? (Friedrich August Wolf) ??? ???? ��??? 18^?? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? (Milman Parry) ???? ????? ??? 20^?? ?????, ??? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ????????? ????????????? ???? ???? ??????.???? ? ????????? ??? ? ?????, ????????? ??? ?????????? ??? ?????????? (217-145 ?.?.), ?????? ??? ???? ??? ? ?????? ??? ? ???????? ??? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? (?? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????????) ??? ??????????? ?? ???? ??????????, ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?????????? ??? ????? ????? ??? 6^? ????? ? ??????? ??? ???????????? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ???????? ?? ????????????????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ???? ???????? ???.

? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ?? ???????? ??? ?????????? ????????????, ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????????????, ???? ?????????. ? ?????? ??? ????????? ??? ???? ? ?????? ??? ???????, ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?????????. ??? ???? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ? ???????? ?????????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???????????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ???????. ? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ?????????? ??? ????????? ??? ??? ?????????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? (????. ??? ???????? ????? ??? ???????) ???? ??? ??? ?????????? (????. ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ????????? ???????????? ?? ????? ?????????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????????).????????? (??? ????????) ????? ??? ? ?????????? ??? ????????????, ?????? ??? ????????? (??? ?????? ???????????? ??? ??????????? ??? ????????????), ? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????????? ??? ?????????? ? ?????? ??????????? ?? ??????????? ?????????? ??? ????????????? ??? ???????.

??? ???? ????? ????????? ??? ? ?????????? ? ?????????, ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?????????, ???? �??????????� ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ???????? ???? ????????, ?.?. ??? ????????? ?????????, ??? ????????? ???????, ??? ???? ???????????? ??? ???????????? ??? ?????? ?????. ??? ???? ????????? ????? ??? ?? ??????????? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ??? ??????????, ? ?????? ?????? �??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????????�, ???????? ??????????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????????, ????????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ? ?????????? ??? ?????????????? ???????? ??? ?????????, ??? ????????? ?????? ?????????.??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ????????? ??????? ????????, ????????, ?? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? 17^? ????? ?? ? ???????? Querelle des anciens et des modernes ??? ?????? ??? ? Battle of the Books ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??????????? ??? ??? 18^? ?????. ???? ??? ???????????? ??? ????????????? ???? ? ???? ??? ??????? ? ?????? ???? ??� ???????? (Hedelin d� Aubignac) ?? ??? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ???????? ? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? (Conjectures academiques ou dissertation sur l� Iliade, 1664) ??? ???????????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? (1715) ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? : ? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ?????????? ??????????? ? ??????????? ?????????, ???? ??? ????????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?????????? ????????????? ????????? ?????? ???? ????????? ??? ???????. ? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????????.

?? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ????????????? ???????? ? ???????? ???????? ????????? ???? (Friedrich August Wolf) ??????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???????????? ??? ???????????????? ??? ??? ???????????, ??? ????? ???? ???????????? ??? ??????. ???? ????????, ???? ??????????, ??? ??????? ????????, ??? ?????????? ? ??? ????????? ????????? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ???.??? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ? ?????? ??? ???? ????????????? ??? ?????? ??????????????. ?? ??? ????????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? (????. ??? ???????? ??? Parry ??? ??? Lord) ????? ?? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ???????????, ??????????? ??? ??????, ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?.?.?., ??? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?????????? ????? ??? ????????? ???????? (?? ???? ???? ?.?. ???? Orlando Furioso ??? ???????) ?? ?????? ????????? ??? ????????? ? ??? ???????????????????? ??? ???????? ?? ????????? ??? ??????????????, ?????????????? ?? ???????????? ??? ?? ?????????????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????????, ??? ?????? ??? ????????? ?? ?????? ???????????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ????????? ??? ???????? ???????, ???? ?? ?????????? ? ?????? ????? ??? ????, ??? ???? ???? ??????????? ??????????, ?????????? ??? ??????????? ? ???????? ?????? ?????????.??? ???????? ??? ??? ??????????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ????? ????????????. ��������

??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ? ??? ???????????. ??????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????-???? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????????????? ? ??? ?????? ?? ??????????? ??? ???? ????????, ????????? ???? ????????? ??????????? ????????? ??? ????????? ???????????? ??? ???????? ???????????? ? ??????????. ??? ?????? ?????????? ? ?????? (K. Lachmann) ????????????? ??? ?????? ?? 18 ?????????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????????????? ????. ��������

??? ?????? ??? ??????????. ??? ?? ?????? ????? ????????, ?? ?????????? ????????????? ??? ???????????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????????? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?????????, ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??????. ???? ??? ????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?????, ??? ?????? (A. Kirchhoff), ? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? �??????????� ????????????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? �???????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ??????�. ��������

??? ?????? ??? ??????????. ???? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ? ????? ???????????? ?? ????? ???? ? ???? ??? ????????? ?? ????????????? �??????????�. ?????????? �????????� ??????????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? (W. Theiler), ??? ??? ??? (P. Von der Muhil) ????? (D. L. Page), ????????? (B. Marzullo).?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ??????????? ????????????? ?? ????????? ????? (E. Bethe) ??? ?????????? (U. von Wilamowowitz-Moellendorf). ? ????? ???????????? ???? ???? ??? ? ???????????? ??? ???? ?? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ?????????????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ?? ??????. ? ????????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ??????????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ? ????.

???? ???????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ????????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ? ??????? ?????? ? ????? ???????????????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????????????. ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ?????????? ??? ?????????????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????????, ? ???????????? ??????. ?? ?????????????, ??? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ????, ?????????? ??? ?? 1910, ? ???????, (D. Mulder), ? ?????? (E. Howald), ? ?. ????????, ? ?. ????????-???????, ? ?????????? (H. Pestalozzi) ??? ? ??????? (W. Kullmann), ???????????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ??? �??????????� ??? ????, ?? ??????? ????, ??? ????????? ??? ??????????????? ?� ???? ????? ??? ????????????, ?????????? ? ????????? ?? ?????? ????????, ?? ????? ???? ????????????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???, ???? ???? ?????, ????????????. ??? ?????????? ????? ? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????????? (???????? ?-?, ?), ??? ???? ? ????? ??? ????????? ?? ????????? ?? ??? ??????? ? (???????? ???? ??? ???????), �???????????� ? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ??? ????????????? ??? ???????.

?? ??? ???????????? ?????? ?????????? ? ????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ????????? ??? ??????????? ?? ???? ???? ??????????, ???? ????????? ???? ?????, ????????, ???????????. ??? ??????? ??????????? ? ??????? ?????, ????????????- ?????? ???????????? ??? ??????-, ???????????, ?????? ??? ?????????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ? �???????� (?.?. �?????? ??? ???????�) ??? ?????????? ??? ?? ??????. ??? ??? ????????? ??? ??? ???????? ? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ? ?? ????????? ?????????? ??? ???????????? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????????? ??? ?????????????. ????????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??????????? �???????? ? ??????? ??? ? ?. ????????. ? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? Tradition and Design in the Iliad (1930) ?????????? ??? ??????????? ??????????: ??????????? ??? �???? ????? ?????????? ? ????????? ?????????? ??? ? ???????, ?? ?????? ??? ? ?????? ??? ??????, ? ????????????? ??? ? ??????, ? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ??? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????, ??? ? ????? ???? ? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ???????????? ??????�.

? ??????? ????????????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???.?? ??? ??????? ?????????? ? ???????????? ??????? ??? ???????????? ????? ??? ??????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ???????. ??????????? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ????????? ???? ??????? ? ??? ???????, ??? ??? ????? ???????? ? ???????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??????????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ???????. ?????????? ??? ????? ??? ???????, ? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? the Songs of Homer (1962. ?. 253): �?? ??????? ???? ??? ????????? ??? ?????????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???? ? ??? ?????????? ???????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ??? ????????? ???????? ???????????? ??????, ???????????? ????? ??? ???????????? ??????????. ???? ?? ?????????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????????????. ?? ???????? ?� ???? ?? ????? ??? ???????????? ??? ????????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????????? ? ???????? ??? ????????????? ?? ???? ??????? ? ????????? ??????????? ???? ???????? ??????, ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????- ??? ???????? ??? ??????????? ???? ????????, ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??????????? ???? ???, ??????????, ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????????????? ?????????�. ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ????????????? ????????????? ??? ?????????? ??? ???????? ????????? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ????????? (W. Schadewaldt),???? ?????? ????????????? ? ????????? ??????? ??? ???????, ??????????????? ???? ? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????.

?????????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????????????? (??? ??????? ??????) ??? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ??? 1960 ??? ????, ? ?. ?????????? ????????? (???????? ???? ?????, 1988):�? ???????? ?????????? ??????, ???????????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????, ????????? ?? ?????????? ???? ?? ?????????? ??????? ??? ????? (???????? ??????? ?.?.?.) ????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ?? ??? ????????? ??? ????. ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ????? ??? ? ?????? ????????????? ????? ??? ????? ???????????? ??????????? ??????. ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????????????? ??????, ??? ?? ????????- ?? ??????????? ??????- ??? ?? ????????? ??? ????????????? ??� ???? ??? ??? ?????????? ???? ????, ???????????, ?????????????, ???????????? ??? ????????????? ? ?????, ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??????????, ???? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ??????????? ??� ???? ??? ????????? ?? ??????????? ??????? ??? ????????? ????? ?????????, ?? ???? ???? ? ???, ??????.

?? ? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? (??? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ????????? ??????) ? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ????, ???? ?? ????????? ???? ?? ?? ???????. ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ????????? ??? ??? ?????????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ??????????. ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ??? ????????? (oral composition, oral tradition) ????? ?? ????, ?? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ? ????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?????????.

??? ??? ????? ??? ????, ??? ???? ?????????? ??????? ? ??????, ???? ????? ?? ?????????? ? ?????, ? ?? ????????????? ????? ??? ???????????? ????????, ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ?????????? ???? ?? ????? ????????????? ??? ??? ????? ??????, ?????????? ? ?????, ?? ???????? ?????????????, ????????? ??? ?????????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????. ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?????????? ??? ????? ????? ????????? ???? ????????? ??? ??????? ???????????? ?? ???????????. ?? ????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ????????????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ? ????? ???????? ??? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????�.